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Our results
Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2021

Research Excellence Framework 2021

The Research Excellence Framework (REF) is the system for assessing the quality of research in UK higher education institutions. Research is assessed overall and across three individual measures:

  • quality of research outputs (e.g. publications, performances, and exhibitions)
  • their impact beyond academia
  • the environment that supports research.

Results of the most recent REF for 2021, announced in May 2022, confirm the University of Reading's place as a leading research-intensive university in a competitive UK research environment. The work of 754 staff was submitted for assessment across 22 subject areas (known as Units of Assessment), including over 1,660 research outputs and 72 case studies of our external impact – working with hundreds of technicians, postgraduate research students and their supervisors, PDRAs, and professional staff.

Our research (overall outputs, impact and environment) was assessed as:

  • 40% world-leading (4*)
  • 46% internationally excellent (3*)
  • 13% recognised internationally (2*)
  • 2% recognised nationally (1*).

This represents an 10% increase in 3* and 4* research since the last REF assessment in 2014, with Reading increasing its position among UK universities. In addition, we were placed 35 out of 157 institutions in the UK by research power, a measure of the quality and quantity of research.

Our research

Overall Quality Profile  World-leading (4*)  Internationally excellent (3*) Recognised internationally (2*)   Recognised nationally (1*)   Grade Point Average
   40% 46%  13%  2%  3.24 
Sub-profiles           
Research Outputs 34%  50%  15%  1%  3.17 
Research Impact 44% 40%  12%  4%  3.25 
Research Environment 52%  44%  4%  0%  3.47 

Research impact


The REF 2021 results reinforce real-world impact of Reading's research, with the proportion of 4* case studies (‘outstanding’ impacts in terms of reach and significance) up to 44% from 39% in the 2014 assessment.

A number of research areas recorded 100% of all assessed research impact at either 4* (outstanding) or 3* (very significant reach or significance), including Psychology, Chemistry, Maths, Computer Sciences, Archaeology, Global Development, Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Architecture, Built Environment & Planning, Business and Management Studies, Classics, Art, and Typography.

Discover more about the impact our research has at local, national and global levels.

REF 2021 highlights


Our overall proportion of research assessed as world-leading (4*) has increased by 13%, with notable increases in:

  • Allied Health (45%, up from 17%)
  • Maths (36%, up from 15%)
  • Archaeology (70% up from 30%)
  • Film, Theatre & Television (51%, up from 18%).

We also saw increases in the proportion of 4* research outputs in:

  • Biological Sciences (44%, up from 18%)
  • Politics and International Relations (44%, up from 27%)
  • Education (46%, up from 25%)
  • Modern Languages & Linguistics (38%, up from 15%)
  • English (57%, up from 25%)
  • History (50%, up from 25%).

Archaeology

  • 1st in the UK for GPA (grade point average, which is the average of quality scorings)
  • 1st for research outputs
  • 96% of our research overall rated 4* and 3*
  • 100% of our research impact rated 4* and 3*

Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences

Comprising work from Meteorology as well as from Geography and Environmental Sciences.

  • Top 10 by GPA (grade point average, which is the average of quality scorings)
  • 3rd in UK for research power
  • 100% of research impact assessed as 4* and 3*

Architecture, Built Environment and Planning

Comprising work submitted from Built Environment and from Real Estate & Planning.

  • 6th in UK for research power
  • Top 10 for research impact
  • 94% of research overall assessed as 4* and 3*

Art and Design: Typography and Graphic Communication

  • Top 10 in UK for Grade Point Average (grade point average, which is the average of quality scorings)
  • 8th in UK for impact
  • 95% of our research overall rated 4* and 3*

Politics and International Studies

  • 6th in UK for research outputs
  • 97% of our research outputs rated 4* or 3*

Business and Management Studies 

Comprising work from the Henley Business School plus submissions from Economics

  • the largest single Unit submitted, with over 100 staff
  • ranked in the top quartile for research power
  • ranked 17th (of 108) for impact

We also submitted two new units in REF 2021, with both achieving strong results.

  • Computer Sciences: 100% of our research impact rated 4* and 3*
  • Global Development: rated 9th in UK with 100% of our research impact rated 4* and 3*

Results for each of our Units of Assessment


Allied Health Professions, Dentistry, Nursing and Pharmacy (Unit of Assessment 3)

Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience (Unit of Assessment 4)

Biological Sciences (Unit of Assessment 5)

Agriculture, Food and Veterinary Science (Unit of Assessment 6)

Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences (Unit of Assessment 7)

Chemistry (Unit of Assessment 8)

Mathematical Sciences (Unit of Assessment 10)

Computer Science and Informatics (Unit of Assessment 11)

Architecture, Built Environment and Planning (Unit of Assessment 13)

Archaeology (Unit of Assessment 15)

Business and Management Studies (Unit of Assessment 17)

Law (Unit of Assessment 18)

Politics and International Studies (Unit of Assessment 19)

Anthropology and Development Studies (Unit of Assessment 22)

Education (Unit of Assessment 23)

Modern Languages and Linguistics (Unit of Assessment 26)

English Language and Literature (Unit of Assessment 27)

History (Unit of Assessment 28)

Classics (Unit of Assessment 29)

Philosophy (Unit of Assessment 30)

Art and Design: Art (Unit of Assessment 32A)

Art and Design: Typography and Graphic Communication (Unit of Assessment 32B)

Music, Drama, Dance, Performing Arts, Film and Screen (Unit of Assessment 33)

Results from REF 2014

View the full results for the University of Reading on the REF 2014 website.

Overall profile of our research in 2014:

  • 27% world-leading (4*)
  • 51% internationally excellent (3*)
  • 20% recognised internationally (2*)
  • 2% recognised nationally (1*)

Further information


Our REF Code of Practice (PDF 349KB) sets out our processes to be fair and transparent in the inclusion of staff for submission and the selection of research outputs.

We carried out an interim and final Equality Impact Assessment (PDF 1.56MB) to ensure we were upholding the principles of Equality and Diversity set out in our Code of Practice. This shaped our submission and identified learning to be incorporated into our institutional policies and practices. A number of recommendations and actions are being followed up.

Visit the REF 2021 website for a full explanation of REF and sector-wide results.

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Subjects N-T

  • Nutrition
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  • Physician Associate Studies
  • Politics and International Relations
  • Psychology
  • Real Estate and Planning
  • Sociology
  • Spanish
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Subjects U-Z

  • Wildlife Conservation
  • Zoology

Subjects A-C

  • Accounting
  • Agriculture
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  • Architecture
  • Art
  • Biological Sciences
  • Biomedical Sciences
  • Business (Post-Experience)
  • Business and Management (Pre-Experience)
  • Classics and Ancient History
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Subjects D-G

  • Data Science
  • Dietetics
  • Digital Business
  • Ecology
  • Economics
  • Education
  • Energy and Environmental Engineering
  • Engineering
  • English Language and Applied Linguistics
  • English Literature
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Film, Theatre and Television
  • Finance
  • Food and Nutritional Sciences
  • Geography and Environmental Science
  • Graphic Design

Subjects H-P

  • Healthcare
  • History
  • Information Technology
  • International Development and Applied Economics
  • Law
  • Linguistics
  • Management
  • Marketing
  • Meteorology and Climate
  • Microbiology
  • Nutrition
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  • Philosophy
  • Physician Associate
  • Politics and International Relations
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Subjects Q-Z

  • Real Estate and Planning
  • Social Policy
  • Speech and Language Therapy
  • Strategic Studies
  • Teacher training
  • Theatre
  • Typography and Graphic Communication
  • War and Peace Studies
  • Zoology

Subjects A-B

  • Accounting
  • Agriculture
  • Ancient History
  • Anthropology
  • Archaeology
  • Architectural Engineering
  • Architecture
  • Art
  • Biochemistry
  • Biological Sciences
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Biomedical Sciences
  • Bioveterinary Sciences
  • Building and Surveying
  • Business and Management

Subjects C-E

  • Chemistry
  • Classics and Classical Studies
  • Climate Science
  • Computer Science
  • Construction Management
  • Consumer Behaviour and Marketing
  • Creative Writing
  • Criminology
  • Drama
  • Ecology
  • Economics
  • Education
  • Engineering
  • English Language and Applied Linguistics
  • English Literature
  • Environment

Subjects F-G

  • Film & Television
  • Finance
  • Food
  • Foundation programmes
  • French
  • Geography
  • German
  • Graphic Communication and Design

Subjects H-M

  • Healthcare
  • History
  • International Development
  • International Foundation Programme (IFP)
  • International Relations
  • Italian
  • Languages and Cultures
  • Law
  • Linguistics
  • Marketing
  • Mathematics
  • Medical Sciences
  • Meteorology and Climate
  • Microbiology
  • Museum Studies

Subjects N-T

  • Nutrition
  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacy
  • Philosophy
  • Physician Associate Studies
  • Politics and International Relations
  • Psychology
  • Real Estate and Planning
  • Sociology
  • Spanish
  • Speech and Language Therapy
  • Surveying and Construction
  • Teaching
  • Theatre & Performance

Subjects U-Z

  • Wildlife Conservation
  • Zoology

We are in the process of finalising our postgraduate taught courses for 2026/27 entry. In the meantime, you can view our 2025/26 courses.

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